Ice Cream Lab - Chemical Reactions

Sahomy Rodriguez

May 2nd, 2014

H18

Objecive: Is the creation of ice cream a chemical reaction?

Background Info:

Certain substance affect the state of ice. When salt is sprinkled on ice, for example, it causes the ice to melt. This chemical reaction is actually a heat energy transfer. Water freezes at 0°C. A saturated saltwater solution freezes at -32°C. What happens if you sprinkle salt on ice?

Salt melts the ice into a liquid by creating an endothermic reaction, lowering the freezing point of water.

Materials:

-1/2 cup of milk
-1/2 cup whipping cream(heavy cream)
-1/4 cup sugar
-1 tablespoon strawberry flavoring
-3/4 cup sodium chloride (NaCl) as table salt or rock salt
-2 cups ice
-1 quart Ziploc bag
-1 gallon Ziploc bag
-Thermometer
-Measuring cups and spoons
-Cups and spoons for eating your treat!

Procedure:

1. Add 1/4 cup sugar, 1/2 cup milk, 1/2 cup whipping cream, and 1/4 tbsp strawberry to the quart Ziploc bag. Seal the bag securely.

2. Put 2 cups of ice into the gallon Ziploc bag.

3. Use a thermometer to measure and record the temperature of the ice in the gallon bag.

4. Add 1/2 to 3/4 cup salt (sodium chloride) to the bag of ice.

5. Place the sealed quart bag inside the gallon bag of ice and salt. Seal the gallon bag securely.

6. Gently rock the gallon bag from side to side. It's best to hold the top seal or to have gloves or a cloth between the bag and your hands because the bag will be cold enough to damage your skin.

7. Continue to rock the bag for 10-15 mins or until the contents of the quart bag have solidified into ice cream.

8. Open the gallon bag and use the thermometer to measure and record the temperature of the ice/salt mixture.

9. Remove the quart bag, open it, serve the contents into cups with spoons and ENJOY!

How To Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J3mAKzaliAI

Data:

1.) What kind of ice cream are you making?
 Strawberry Ice Cream
2.) Document the temperature of the ice in the gallon bag before adding the salt.
 0°C
3.) Document the temperature of the ice/salt mixture in the gallon bag when the ice cream mixture begins to solidify.
 -10°C
4.) What is the temperature difference before adding the salt and after mixing for 5 minutes?
 0°C
5.) What is the temperature difference before adding the salt and after mixing for 10 minutes?
 0°C

Conclusion:

1.) What kind of chemical reaction is the process of ice cream making, as done in our lab? Explain why.
The process of making ice cream is a synthesis chemical reaction. Ice cream is a combination of different chemical creating a much more complex product by reacting/coming all together.  


2.) Explain why salt water is harder to freeze than plain water.
Salt water's freezing point has been lowered with the salt being added. NaCl molecules break down the ice and replace the original molecules creating the ice acting as a freeze block effect. Which makes it harder for it to bond easily together once again.


3.) Is the process of making ice cream a physical or chemical change? Explain your answer.
The process of making ice is a physical change. The ice cream never made a new substance nor combusted. Through tee process of making ice cream, it simply only changes it's form (State Of Matter).


4.) Why is salt used with the ice instead of sugar?
Sugar does not dissolve completely in cold water nor allows ice to absorb energy (endothermic reaction) as salt does to melt the ice. Sugar's amount of molecules per mole are not enough to lower the water's freezing point as salt does with it's six times as much more amount of molecules in one mole.

Sources:

http://classroom.synonym.com/salt-melt-ice-faster-sugar-2454.html
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=31&t=11447
http://www.chemistryislife.com/the-chemistry-of-ice-cream-1

http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howtos/a/aa020404a.htm

http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenotesl3/a/chemphyschanges.htm
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalreactions/a/reactiontypes.htm

http://www.chemistryislife.com/the-chemistry-of-ice-cream-1

Tie Dye

Sahomy Rodriguez
February 16, 2014
H18

Objective: Use the process of dying to illustrate chemical reactions, equilibrium, chemical bonding, and pH.

Pre-Lab Questions: 

1. Where did the art of dying fibers originate?

The art of dying fibers originated from India or China around 2500 B.C.

     2.   Originally, what type of substances were used to dye?

Natural dyes from plants were used such as berries, leaves, roots, the bark of a tree, and flowers.

     3.   What are the fibers of the socks made of?

The fibers of the shirt are made of cotton which is made up of cellulose molecules.

     4.   What chemical interaction is occurring when fibers are dyed?

A co-valent (electron sharing) bond occurs between the fibers and the dye. The dye acts as a replacement for the chemicals lost (H) when pre soaking the fabric which allows the dye to be accepted into the thread.

Data:

1. Synopsis of what occurred before dying the shirt:

The socks was soaked in hot water for 5 minutes to increase the pH of the fabric and release the H atom of the cellulose molecule to prepare for the fabric to bond with the dye.

     2.  Process used to dying socks/tying method:

I folded then tied off every about an inch portion down of each sock to create stripes.

     3.  Describe pattern of socks after sitting for 24 hrs. :

All of the colors faded into each other but still have a slight white contrast between them from the rubber bands.

Post Lab Questions:

1. If you dyed a rainbow spiral on a shirt and the soaked it in a black dye bath, the result wold be a black shirt with a spiral pattern. Why doesn't the entire shirt dye black?

The bond between the dye and the cellulose has already been creating making the dye already apart of the thread. So the black dye bonds with the remaining white base of the shirt. 

     2.  What is the purpose of soaking the shirts in hot water for 5 mins?

The moistness allows the reaction of the dye with the fabric's fibers.

    3.  Why is 100% cotton the best type of cloth to use with fiber reactive dyes?

Cotton absorbs water easier than any other fabric as this dye is water soluble Fiber reactive dye bonds best with the cellulose fibers found in cotton.

    4.  What are some advantages of fiber reactive dyes?

Fiber reactive dyes are brighter, becomes part of the fiber creating a co-valent bond, and produces many colors.

    5.  Explain how ionic bonding is used to dye the shirts in this lab.

The dye is absorbed by the shirt, that has an opposite ionic charge (dye+ O-).  The dye attracts/bonds to the cellulose from the cotton.

Cadmium-109

Sahomy Rodriguez                                        December 9th, 2013

5th period                                                            H18

                                             

   

Cadmium-109 is one of the nine most radioactive isotopes of cadmium. Cadmium-109 has 48 protons, 61 neutrons, and 48 electrons. Cadmium-109 has an amu of 108.90495. This isotope is a silver, transitional metal. It’s soft enough to be cut effortlessly with a knife. It is located under group 12 in period 5.

Cadmium-109 has multiple uses. It also has high radioactivity. Staurt Hunt & Associated Ltd. have observed, when ingested or inhaled at an unknown dosage the radioactivity causes damage to the lung tissues and kidneys. Cadmium-109 is typically used to evaluate metal alloys for checking stock and scrap sorting. This helps separate the different metals. It’s also known to be operated to construct measurement sources for 88 keV gamma radiation used for NASA.

Model:

                               http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/cd.html
                                     (customized myself to fit the isotope cd-109)

                                              
                                                         Use:
                                                                                      

                  http://team-trade.si/index.php?location=1016&sublocation=731&pId=29

Sources: 
http://epa.gov/radiation/source-reduction-management/radionuclides.html

http://safety.uncc.edu/sites/safety.uncc.edu/files/Cadmium%20109.pdf

http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/safety/RadiationDataSheets/Cd109.pdf

http://hpschapters.org/northcarolina/NSDS/cadmium.pdf

http://www.webelements.com/cadmium/isotopes.html

Flame Test Experiment

Sahomy Rodriguez
November 2, 2013
5th period
H18

Purpose: To demonstrate and classify the characteristics of a chemical reaction.
Objective: Describe the difference between a physical and chemical change.

Data Table:

Chemical Compounds:	Elements Involved:	Characteristics:
Barium Chloride	Barium (Ba) Chlorine (Cl)	Green and Deep Blue
Calcium Chloride	Calcium (Ca) Chlorine (Cl)	Orange
Lithium Chloride	Lithium (Li) Chlorine (Cl)	Pink/Purple (actually red)
Potassium Chloride	Potassium (K) Chlorine (Cl)	Shortens fire and makes it blue (actually lilac)
Sodium Chloride	Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl)	Bright Orange (actually yellow)
Strontium Chloride	Strontium (Sr) Chlorine (Cl)	Red/Pink
Aluminium Foil	Aluminum (Al)	Extreme Temperature, Sparks, Extends Fire
Mystery Substance	Lithium (Li) Barium (Ba)	Green, Red, Pink, Blue

Analysis questions:

1. What indicators (at least 3) determine that a chemical change (or reaction) has occurred?

If energy is absorbed or given off in a reaction, a change in odor, or if a liquid changes into a gas or solid it would indicate a chemical change has occurred. 

2. What is emitted when a chemical change takes place in the  flame test?

A change of color is emitted when a chemical change takes place in the flame test.   

3.  What group, from the periodic table, do these elements exists?

Barium, calcium, and strontium are all apart of the alkaline earth metal group. Lithium, potassium, and sodium all are alkaline metals. Aluminum is a poor metal and chlorine is a non-metal. 

4. Do any of the two elements give the same spectrum of color? Explain why?

Lithium and strontium give off the same color because they have very similar wavelengths. 

5. Recall what a catalyst is in a chemical reaction. What was the catalyst in these reactions?

A catalyst is what gets a reaction started or more so speed the reaction up. The catalyst in these reactions are the open flames giving off heat.

Post Lab Questions:

1. Explain how the data gathered in this lab can be used to solve crimes or convict criminals. Research the topic and use what you discovered in class to write 1-2 paragraphs on answering this question. *Be sure to cite your sources

Flame tests can be used to identify the elements (by making their wavelengths visible), that make up a substance. Criminal investigators/chemists use this method very often by always referring back to a table of element's color. This is an easier and faster way to identify substances at situations such as murder scenes or a robbed place when policemen have found a suspicious substance or useful evidence on the floor or handle of a door. Chemists can even use this method to see if a person has died of an overdose and even identify the human by running a blood/DNA sample in a flame test.

                                              Sources :
 http://www.elderhs.net/staff/jamesme/chemone/ch4electrons/chemch4flametest.pdf

                 http://www.rsc.org/images/Saltercellarmystery_tcm18-159233.pdf

                 http://21008isabella-csi.wikispaces.com/Flame+Test

Flame Test Experiment  :

http://youtu.be/1EXr_L7Ojqg




                                                                                     
                                                                                                           

              Aluminum -------->  






                                                                                                                                                                                                       

Chromatography Lab

Sahomy Rodriguez                                                    October 16, 2013

    5th period                                                                     H-18

                Paper Chromatography Lab (Seperating Mixtures)

• Pre-Lab:

1. What colors are mixtures?

Pink is a mixture of red and white as green is also a mixture of green and yellow.

   2.  What substances could be use to separate a mixture?

Substance that can be used to separate a mixture is H20, oil, alcohol, and bleach.

   3.  What is Paper Chromatography?

Chromatography is a method for analyzing complex mixtures (such as ink) by separating them into the components from which they are made up of.

   4.  What is the set up for Paper Chromatography?

•  Hypothesis Questions:

1. Are colors mixed to make other colors?

Yes because colors such as purple is a mixture of blue and red.

   2.   Can mixed colors separate into their component colors?

Yes by using the method of paper chromatography.

   3.   Can black separate into it's component colors? Which colors will it separate out to?

I believe black can separate into it's component colors which most likely be gray, white, and primary colors such as red, yellow, and blue.

• Materials:

-Goggles  

-Green and Black Markers 

-Strips of Filter Papers

-Metric Ruler

-Plastic Cup 

-Rubbing Alcohol

-Tape 

-Pencil

• Procedure:

1. Using the ruler, cut the filter paper into long, rectangular strips, about 3 cm x 10cm. *You need 2*
2. Measure 0.5 cm from the bottom of the paper strip and draw a horizontal line with your pencil across the width of the strip. Then, use the black marker to make a dot on the pencil line.
3. Tape the paper strip around the pencil so that the very bottom of the strip touches the alcohol. **Do not let ink dot touch alcohol
4. Pour rubbing alcohol into a plastic cup to a depth of ½ cm. Then, rest the pencil on the rim of the cup so that the end of the pencil strip with the ink mark is just barely in contact with the alcohol.
5. Observe for about 8 minutes.
6. Let the strip dry by taping it to a piece of paper provided.  Put group names, period, and ipod # on the sheet.
7. Repeat the process for the other solution for the same marker.

• Data:

Observations	Observation at 3 minutes	Observation at 6 minutes	Dry test strips
(Sharpie) Black marker w/ alcohol	Ink is rising/fading.  Solvent is slowly rising.	Gray purple and blue is separating from the mixture.	The mixture faded into the component shades of gray, dark blue, and purple.
Black marker with bleach	Solvent is quickly rising.	Still no change.	No components rised.
Black marker w/ H2O	Nothing has happened no rising occurring.	Again, nothing. No difference.	The mixture sample stayed in the same condition with no visible components.

•  Analysis and Conclusion:

1. What appeared on the filter paper? Describe all results.

Alcohol Test - This test was the only that separated the black into a gray, purple, and blue.

Water Test - This substance did not separate the mixture at all.

Bleach Test - The black did not separate with bleach either.

   2.  What did the results indicate about the black ink? What classification of matter would you give the ink?

The results indicated that the black ink is made up of different colors which absorb wavelengths and reflect others and this makes it evident that the black does not reflect anything. The ink is classified as a liquid and does not separate with every solvent. Therefore the sharpie marker's ink would be classified as not water-soluble which means it can't be dissolved in water. (Sources= http://www.sciencefriday.com , http://www.scientiareview.org/pdfs/167.pdf)

   3.  Is chromatography a useful separation method for separating ink mixtures? Explain based on your results.

Based on my results chromatography is a useful method for separating ink mixtures. Chromatography is a easy way to separate ink mixtures as I did with a black dot of a sharpie marker and alcohol. This solvent separated the mixture rapidly.

   4.  If you could alter the experiment to test another condition or factor, what would you change or test?

If I was able to alter the experiment I would've let the filter paper in each solvent in longer so all the components can show through adsorption and with more time the mixture on the filter paper in bleach would've separated.

• Post Lab:

1. How does paper chromatography work? What do the results tell us?

 A - Preferential adsorption of chemical compounds (gases or liquids) in an ascending molecular-weight sequence.

Egg Drop Lab

Sahomy Rodriguez  ( H18 )                                                                                September 12, 2013                                                                 Partner: Genesis Quinonez                                                              

                                                                      Egg Drop Lab

Initial Design:                                    

               
     Hypothesis                                              Materials List                              Procedure
This structure will protect an egg             - cotton balls                My partner and I were going to               from a 20 ft throw.                                 - rubber bands           construct the structure by tieing the sticks
                                                                - shish kabob sticks    together into a pyramid. Secondly, put                                                                     - soft industrial wire   the egg in a pantyhose with cotton balls,
                                                                 - old pantyhose         tie the ends and tie it to the sticks. Lastly,
                                                                                                   cover the pyramid in a circular/sphere
                                                                                                   like shape so if the structure drops it will
                                                                                                           roll instead with the soft wire.
                                                                                                               

Data:

I thought the initial design was going to weigh too much in grams. So we changed our design and created a new structure from inspiration of a youtube video that shows a plastic bucket filled with cotton balls, secured with a lid and duck tape saved an egg from a 30 ft drop.
Mass of Structure w/o egg - 93.67 grams
Calculation - 2000/93.67 *10    


Total - 213 points = A :)
Mass of Structure with egg - 153 grams

Results:

Test 1 - I dropped the structure from standing on the tables in the H room which is about 11 ft. The egg was safe.

Test 2 - My partner Genesis threw the structure from the same location on top of the table and the egg again, survived.

Test 3 - Ms. Janik tossed the structure up high about 20 feet in the hallway and the egg survived once again after all those tests.

Post Lab Questions:

1.) Our final design was created with 4 rectangular pieces of a sponge, rubber bands, a plastic container, cotton balls, and a Styrofoam cup. We created a base in the container with cotton balls. Secondly, placed the cup on top of the base and surrounded the outside of the cup with the pieces of sponges. Then, put cotton balls in the cup as a base for the egg, placed the egg on top, covered the egg with more cotton balls, and covered the container with it's lid. Lastly, I secured the container by rubber bands round it holding the container with the lid shut.

2.) Our design was changed to this structure after thinking thoroughly about the initial design. We thought the initial designs' mass would just equal up to too much.

3.) The purpose of having multiple test drops of out structure was to make sure our structure would survive the final, graded test. So we would able to improve our structure and create a hypothesis.

4.) I believe my structure held the egg and protected it well with the use of protection and placement to hold the egg and keep it in place.

5.) If I could change my design in any way I would change it's mass. If the egg broke i would've gotten 10 points and gotten the lowest grade. But my fear of not enough protection held me back from reducing it's mass.